Contributors
Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
The Importance of Penal Policy
The Determinants of Penal Policy
The Transferability of Penal Policy
The Spread of Innovation
One: Penal Developments in America
The Punitiveness Story
The Sentencing Story
The Fragmntation Story
The United States
U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting, Michael Tonry
The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United States, Kevin R. Reitz
Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion, Katherine Beckett
The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980-1995, Katherine Beckett and Bruce Western
Why are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?, Michael Tonry
Early State Guidelines Systems
Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994-1997, Richard D. Van Wagenen
Ohio Guidelines Take Effect, Fritz Rauschenberg
Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines, Cynthia Kempinen
North Carolina
North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing, Ronald F. Wright
Sentencing Changes in North Carolina, Robin L. Lubitz
Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995-1997, Ronald F. Wright
Two: Penal Developments in Europe and Japan
Incarceration Rates across the World, André Kuhn
Scandinavia
Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark, Britta Kyvsgaard
Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden, Nils Jareborg
Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots, Paul Larsson
Sentencing and Punishment in Finland, Patrik Törnudd
Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy, Tapio Lappi-Seppälä
Germany
Sentencing and Punishment in Germany, Hans-Jörg Albrecht
France
French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing, Annie Kensey and Pierre Tournier
Netherlands
Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands, Peter J. P. Tak
Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States, Peter J. P. Tak and Anton M. van Kalmthout
The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines, Gerrit Scurer and Reinier van Loon
New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands, Anton M. van Kalmthout and Peter J. P. Tak
Dutch Penal Policies Changing Direction, Josine Junger-Tas
Switzerland
Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000, Martin Killias, Marcelo F. Aebi, André Kuhn, and Simone Rônez
Japan
Prison Poplation in Japan Stable for 30 Years
Three: Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries
Australia
Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s, Arie Freiberg
Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia, Arie Freiberg
Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia, Arie Freiberg
Canada
Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada, Julian V. Roberts
Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes, Jane B. Sprott and Anthony N. Doob
England/Wales
New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England, Andrew Ashworth
English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke, Rod Morgan
English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising, Michael Hough and Julian V. Roberts
Imprisonment in Enlgand and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn?, Rod Morgan
English Sentencing: From Enlightment to Darkness in a Decade, Andrew Ashworth
Ireland
Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland, Ian O'Donnell
References
Acknowledgments